GONZALES V. OREGON
546 U.S. 243 (2006)
NATURE OF THE CASE: The Oregon Death With Dignity Act (ODWDA) exempts from civil or
criminal liability state-licensed physicians who, in compliance with ODWDA’s specific
safeguards, dispense or prescribe a lethal dose of drugs upon the request of a terminally
ill patient. Under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) the Attorney General issued an
Interpretive Rule to address the implementation and enforcement of the CSA with respect to
ODWDA, declaring that using controlled substances to assist suicide is not a legitimate
medical practice and that dispensing or prescribing them for this purpose is unlawful under
the CSA. Oregon (P) and others challenged this ruling.
FACTS: Oregon legalized assisted suicide when voters approved a ballot measure enacting
the Oregon Death With Dignity Act (ODWDA). ODWDA exempts from civil or criminal liability
state-licensed physicians who, in compliance with the specific safeguards in ODWDA, dispense
or prescribe a lethal dose of drugs upon the request of a terminally ill patient. The drugs
physicians prescribe under ODWDA are regulated under a federal statute, the Controlled
Substances Act (CSA or Act). An Interpretive Rule issued by the Attorney General (Gonzales
(D)) addressed the implementation and enforcement of the CSA with respect to ODWDA. It
determines that using controlled substances to assist suicide is not a legitimate medical
practice and that dispensing or prescribing them for this purpose is unlawful under the CSA.
The CSA explicitly contemplates a role for the States in regulating controlled substances.
Its preemption provision provides: “No provision of this subchapter shall be construed as
indicating an intent on the part of the Congress to occupy the field in which that provision
operates . . . to the exclusion of any State law on the same subject matter which would
otherwise be within the authority of the State, unless there is a positive conflict between
that provision . . . and that State law so that the two cannot consistently stand together.”
§903. Under ODWDA, there must be a diagnosis from their attending physician that a patient
has an incurable and irreversible disease that, within reasonable medical judgment, will
cause death within six months. The physician must also determine whether a patient has made
a voluntary request, ensure a patient’s choice is informed, and refer patients to counseling
if they might be suffering from a psychological disorder or depression causing impaired
judgment. A second “consulting” physician must examine the patient and the medical record
and confirm the attending physician’s conclusions. Oregon physicians may dispense or issue a
prescription for the requested drug, but may not administer it. The physicians must keep
detailed medical records of the process leading to the final prescription, which the
Oregon’s Department of Human Services reviews, §127.865. Physicians who dispense medication
pursuant to ODWDA must also be registered with both the State’s Board of Medical Examiners
and the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). On November 9, 2001, without
consulting Oregon or apparently anyone outside his Department, the Attorney General, John
Ashcroft, issued an Interpretive Rule announcing his intent to restrict the use of
controlled substances for physician-assisted suicide. The Attorney General ruled “assisting
suicide is not a ‘legitimate medical purpose’ within the meaning of 21 CFR 1306.04 (2001),
and that prescribing, dispensing, or administering federally controlled substances to assist
suicide violates the Controlled Substances Act. The State of Oregon (P), joined by a
physician, a pharmacist, and some terminally ill patients, all from Oregon, challenged the
Interpretive Rule in federal court. The United States District Court for the District of
Oregon entered a permanent injunction against the Interpretive Rule’s enforcement. A divided
panel of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held the Interpretive Rule invalid. The
Interpretive Rule altered the “ ‘ “usual constitutional balance between the States and the
Federal Government” ’ ” without the requisite clear statement that the CSA authorized such
action. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.
ISSUE:
RULE OF LAW:
HOLDING AND DECISION:
LEGAL ANALYSIS:
Get
free access to the entire content for Mac, PC or Online
for 2-3 days and free samples
of all kinds of products.
for 2-3 days and free samples of all kinds of products.
https://bsmsphd.com
© 2007-2016 Abn Study Partner
No comments:
Post a Comment